Artículos en Revistas

Artículos publicados en revistas arbitradas

**Using Competition Law to Link Regulation and Development (Law and Development Review, 2022)**

Abstract: Regulatory processes and debates are often informed by competition assessments issued by antitrust agencies, who advocate against potentially anticompetitive governmental regulations. While these opinions are usually not binding for regulators, the participation of antitrust agencies may have significant influence over the outcome of regulatory processes. This article examines whether antitrust agencies use their competition assessments to link regulation and development. The research addresses two research questions: first, do antitrust agencies consider development, directly or indirectly, as a guiding criterion in their competition assessments of regulatory projects? And second, what does development mean for these agencies in the context of competition assessments? A case study approach was used to answer the research questions, analyzing the cases of three countries of Latin America: Argentina, Colombia, and El Salvador. Based on the examination of over 300 competition assessments published by the antitrust agencies and on the semi-structured interviews of antitrust agencies’ former and current officials, we report four main findings: (i) the studied agencies frequently used the term “development” in their competition assessments to explain the policy context, the objectives of the regulatory proposals, and the potential benefits of competitive markets.; (ii) the meaning of “development” that prevailed among the three cases studies corresponds to a narrow understanding of “economic development” (e.g. a synonym of economic growth); (iii) the case of Colombia stands out because some of the competition assessments explicitly recognize the importance of broader conceptions of development, including sustainability; and, (iv) competition advocacy was used by the studied agencies to link regulation and development through their reports and recommendations on regulatory projects.

Keywords: competition law; regulation; competition advocacy; development; Latin America

Citación sugerida: Gutiérrez, Juan David and Suárez, Andrés Felipe. «Using Competition Law to Link Regulation and Development» Law and Development Review, vol. 16, no. 1, 2023, pp. 145-184. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2022-0045

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Oil revenues, public procurement and armed conflict: A case study of a subnational government in Colombia (The Extractive Industries and Society, 2020)

Abstract: This paper aims at linking the literature on the natural resource curse with the studies on public investment management. It seeks to bridge these bodies of literature through a case study that focuses on the subnational scale and takes into account political economy. The case is an oil-rich Colombian municipality, Arauca. The level of competition in public bidding processes undertaken by the mayoralty of Arauca was muted between 2005 – 2015. Arauca exhibited an extremely high level of single-bidder-ratio (96%) and a very low average number of bids submitted per open tendering process (1.05). The paper explores the factors and processes that contributed to explain this outcome. Qualitative and quantitative data was triangulated to address three aspects of the implementation of investment projects in Arauca: (i) transparency in public management; (ii) integrity in public procurement; and, (iii) the adverse effects of the oil-fuelled armed conflict on local democracy and the municipal procurement processes. The paper reports significant shortcomings in the implementation stage of investment projects in Arauca linked with these three components. After three decades of receiving a windfall of oil revenues, Arauca’s subnational government was not able to develop strong institutional arrangements to invest the revenues from resource extraction.

Keywords: Oil revenues; Subnational resource curse; Public investment management; Procurement process; Armed conflict

Citación sugerida: Gutiérrez J. D. (2020). Oil revenues, public procurement and armed conflict: A case study of a subnational government in Colombia. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 686–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.03.018

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**The subnational resource curse: Theory and evidence (The Extractive Industries and Society, 2020), con Osmel Manzano**

Abstract: The “subnational resource curse” refers to the overall negative effects of natural resource wealth in the economy, politics, polity or environment of a subnational area. As the name suggests, the emerging literature that studies this variant of the “natural resource curse” uses subnational units of analysis to examine the processes and effects associated with natural resources (both abundance and dependence of). The literature which examines the characteristics and the causal mechanisms of the subnational resource curse is not conclusive. This special section of The Extractive Industries and Society examines the theory underpinning and empirical evidence in support of the natural resource curse at the subnational level. Specifically, the papers in this special section explore the dynamics of the subnational curse, its potential transmission channels, and policy implications of this phenomenon. The papers profile the impacts of oil and mineral producing areas from different countries across Africa, America, Asia and Europe. They share fresh evidence about the adverse consequences of resource wealth at the subnational level. However, some of the articles also offer more nuanced accounts about the impact of natural resource wealth and evidence that suggests that the effects are shaped by subnational institutional features and contexts.

Keywords: Subnational resource curse; Oil; Minerals; Extractives; Political economy

Citación sugerida: Manzano, O., & Gutiérrez, J. D. (2019). The subnational resource curse: Theory and evidence. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(2), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.03.010

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**The connection between oil wealth and internal armed conflicts: Exploring the mechanisms of the relationship using a subnational lens (The Extractive Industries and Society, 2019)**

Abstract: Most econometric based studies have found some connection between oil wealth and conflict. But the literature, both quantitative and qualitative-based studies, is less conclusive about the processes that may link the two variables. The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the literature on the oil-conflict relationship through a case study that explores the questions with a subnational lens. The research analyses localised evidence about the channels of transmission by which oil wealth affected the onset and intensity of armed conflict in an oil-producing Colombian municipality, San Vicente de Chucurí. The contribution of the subnational approach is particularly relevant to the literature because civil wars and intra-state armed conflicts, like the current one in Colombia, may present major regional variations that are not attributable to national factors. The central argument of this paper is that San Vicente’s oil wealth and the spill-over effects from the neighbouring oil-producing regions contributes to explain the onset and intensity of the armed conflict in this municipality. Additionally, the paper unveils political processes behind such connection. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data collected in fieldwork, the paper undertakes a process-tracing analysis covering the period from the early 1960s to 2017.

Keywords: Oil; Resource curse; Internal armed conflict; Armed groups; Colombia

Citación sugerida: Gutiérrez, J. D. (2019). The connection between oil wealth and internal armed conflicts: Exploring the mechanisms of the relationship using a subnational lens. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.10.008

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**Control de concentraciones en Colombia: recientes desarrollos institucionales y de gestión pública (Latin American Law Review, 2018)**

Resumen: Este artículo examina las principales novedades institucionales y de gestión pública relacionadas con el control de concentraciones empresariales en Colombia durante el período 2013-2017. El artículo identifica y discute en detalle cuatro desarrollos ocurridos durante el período de estudio, relacionados con: i) cooperación internacional, ii) estabilidad institucional, iii) transparencia del proceso y iv) tendencias sobre decisiones de objeción y condicionamiento. Además, se presentan algunos retos en la implementación del control, así como alternativas que pueden ser pertinentes para el contexto colombiano.

Palabras clave: Instituciones; gestión pública; ley de competencia; control de integraciones; procedimiento administrativo

Citación sugerida: Gutiérrez, J. D. (2018). Control de concentraciones en Colombia: Recientes desarrollos institucionales y de gestión pública. Latin American Law Review, 1, 123–148. https://doi.org/10.29263/lar01.2018.05

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**Desarrollo de proveedores locales en el sector extractivo colombiano: cuellos de botella, factores de éxito e implicaciones de política pública (Revista Opera, 2015)**

Resumen: Las sociedades que cuentan con abundantes recursos naturales no renovables pueden transformar dicho capital natural en otros tipos de capital (p. ej. humano, producido, infraestructura) a través de diferentes canales. Para los gobiernos que deben administrar la riqueza de los recursos naturales, la sustitución de un tipo de capital –que se agota a medida que se explota– por otros capitales sostenibles, es un reto de política pública. Uno de los canales de transformación lo constituye la creación de encadenamientos productivos –“hacia adelante” y “hacia atrás”– entre el sector extractivo y otros sectores económicos. Este artículo tiene dos objetivos: i) identificar los principales cuellos de botella y factores de éxito para el desarrollo de proveedores nacionales y locales para el sector extractivo colombiano y ii) las implicaciones de política pública relacionadas con la promoción de encadenamientos productivos entre los sectores mineros y de hidrocarburos, y otros sectores en Colombia.

Citación sugerida: Gutiérrez, J. D. (2015). Desarrollo de proveedores locales en el sector extractivo colombiano: Cuellos de botella, factores de éxito e implicaciones de política pública. Revista Opera, 17, 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n17.02